阿杰丨“教训”初探 - 世说文丛

阿杰丨“教训”初探

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和合本有一个词“教训”,出现171次,它对应的英文词却不止一个。如teach,instruct,discipline等。
为什么会出现这种情况呢,经查考相关资料获知,是因为其源头的希伯来文和希腊文与现代中英文的词汇有很大的不同。
首先看看中文“教训”的意思。在中文和合本中,“教训”这个词是一个复合概念,其含义远比现代汉语中的“批评、训斥”要宽广和积极。主要包括教导、训导、指导的意思,在于神或有智慧的人为使受众的生命得造就、行为公义,融合了“教导内容”“指导行动”和“警戒归正”等多重含义,其基调是正面、权威且充满益处的。

“教导/教授”(Teaching),这是和合本中“教训”一词最核心的含义。指系统地传授知识、教义、律法和神的道。它强调的是内容的传递和真理的建立。
如:And Jesus went about all Galiles,teaching in their synagogues,and preaching the gospel of the kingdom,and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people.(Matthew 4:23 KJB)耶稣走遍加利利,在各会堂里教训人,传天国的福音,医治百姓各样的病症。(太4:23)
这里的“教训”指的就是耶稣的整个教导和讲道内容。

还有一个“训诲/指示”(Instruction),带有指导、引导、规劝的意味。它不仅告诉人“是什么”,还告诉人“该怎么做”,侧重于生活实践和道德指引。
My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother:(Proverbs 1:8 KJB)“我儿,要听你父亲的教训,不可离弃你母亲的法则。”(箴1:8)这里的“教训”更贴近于父亲对子女的指导和训诲。

英文为了更精确地表达原文的细微差别,就会选择不同的词。以下是几个最关键的原文字词及其对应的英文翻译:

旧约常用希伯来文לָמַד(lamad),其核心意思是学习、教导。这个词强调“教导”的行为本身,还有教导与学习的紧密关系。

 英文常用teach及其变形taught,teaching,teacheth,teachest(古英语)等,如:

teach(动词,本义是“教”“教学”)
And that ye may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the LORD hath spoken unto them by the hand of Moses.(Leviticus 10:11)
又使你们可以将耶和华藉摩西晓谕以色列人的一切律例教训他们。」(利未记 10:11)

taught
(teach的变形)
And they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law of the LORD with them, and went about throughout all the cities of Judah, and taught the people.(2 Chronicles 17:9)
他们带着耶和华的律法书,走遍犹大各城教训百姓。(历代志下 17:9)

teachest
(古英语,教,教导)
Blessed is the man whom thou chastenest, O LORD, and teachest him out of thy law;(Psalms 94:12)
耶和华啊,你所管教、用律法所教训的人是有福的!(诗篇 94:12)

teacheth
(古英语,本义是“教导”)
Behold, God exalteth by his power: who teacheth like him?(Job 36:22)
神行事有高大的能力;教训人的有谁像他呢?(约伯记 36:22)
Who teacheth us more than the beasts of the earth, and maketh us wiser than the fowls of heaven?(Job 35:11)
教训我们胜于地上的走兽,使我们有聪明胜于空中的飞鸟。(约伯记 35:11)

希伯来文יָסַר(yasar),意思是纠正、管教、训诫。带有更强的“矫正”意味,如同父亲管教儿子,目的是为了除去错误,引向正路。它有时也包含“惩罚”的含义。
מוּסָר(musar),意思是训诲、管教,与yasar同源,指管教、训诲的内容以及带来的结果(即学问、纪律等)。

 英文常用discipline,instruct/instruction,correct/correction,chasten,doctrine,declared等,如:

discipline
(名词,本义是“纪律”“学科”“训练”“惩戒”等)
He openeth also their ear to discipline, and commandeth that they return from iniquity.(Job 36:10)
他也开通他们的耳朵得受教训,吩咐他们离开罪孽转回。(约伯记 36:10)

instruct(ed)(动词,本义是“指示”“指导”“指令”等)
Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.(Deuteronomy 4:36)
他从天上使你听见他的声音,为要教训你,又在地上使你看见他的烈火,并且听见他从火中所说的话。(申命记4:36)
Thou gavest also thy good spirit to instruct them, and with heldest not thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for their thirst.(Nehemiah 9:20)
你也赐下你良善的灵教训他们;未尝不赐吗哪使他们糊口,并赐水解他们的渴。(尼希米记 9:20)
And Jehoash did that which was right in the sight of the LORD all his days wherein Jehoiada the priest instructed him.(2 Kings 12:2)
约阿施在祭司耶何耶大教训他的时候,就行耶和华眼中看为正的事;(列王纪下 12:2)

doctrine(名词,本义是“教义、学说、主义”等)
My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:(Deuteronomy 32:2)
我的教训要淋漓如雨;我的言语要滴落如露,如细雨降在嫩草上,如甘霖降在菜蔬中。(申命记 32:2)
For I give you good doctrine, forsake ye not my law.(Proverbs 4:2)
因我所给你们的是好教训;不可离弃我的法则(或译:指教)。(箴言 4:2)
And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the people were astonished at his doctrine:For he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.(Matthew 7:28-29 KJB)
“耶稣讲完了这些话,众人都希奇他的教训;因为他教训他们,正像有权柄的人,不像他们的文士。”(太7:28-29)注意,这里“教训”前后对应的是两个英文单词,7:28用的是doctrine,是名词“教义”,而7:29用的是动词taught(teach),强调的是“教导”的意思。

declared(动词,本义是“宣布、声明、表明、表露”等)
And all the people went their way to eat, and to drink, and to send portions, and to make great mirth, because they had understood the words that were declared unto them.(Nehemiah 8:12)
众民都去吃喝,也分给人,大大快乐,因为他们明白所教训他们的话。(尼希米记 8:12)

instruction(名词,本义是“指令”“指示”“说明”等)
Then he openeth the ears of men, and sealeth their instruction(Job 33:16)
开通他们的耳朵,将当受的教训印在他们心上,(约伯记 33:16)
Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know understanding.(Proverbs 4:1)
众子啊,要听父亲的教训,留心得知聪明。(箴言 4:1)

spoken(speak)(本义是“说、讲”等)
And that ye may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the LORD hath spoken unto them by the hand of Moses.(Leviticus 10:11)又使你们可以将耶和华藉摩西晓谕以色列人的一切律例教训他们。」(利未记 10:11)

新约常用希腊文διδάσκω(didaskō),意思是教导、教授。这是最通用、最直接的“教导”一词,指传递信息、解释教义。

英文常用teachteaching
And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people.(Matthew 4:23 KJB)
“耶稣走遍加利利,在各会堂里教训人,传天国的福音,医治百姓各样的病症。”(马太福音4:23)

还有一句,同时出现了不同的英文单词,虽然都表示“教训”,但意思却有细微的差别,如:
And they have turned unto me the back, and not the face: though I taught them, rising up early and teaching them , yet they have not hearkened to receive instruction. (Jeremiah 32:33)他们以背向我,不以面向我;我虽从早起来教训他们,他们却不听从,不受教训,(耶利米书 32:33)
这里用了三个英文单词(实际是两个词)taught/teach和instruction,都是表达“教训”的意思,为什么这样呢,查考后获知,这是因为英文译自希伯来文的差异,第一个taught(teach)和teaching表示教导、教训的动作和过程,后面的instruction表示教导、教训的内容。

还有英文字面上看不到上述任何与中文“教训”对应的单词的情况,只能通过上下文理解:
What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of my vows?(Proverbs 31:2)
我的儿啊,我腹中生的儿啊,我许愿得的儿啊!我当怎样教训你呢?(箴言 31:2)

与“教训”内容相关的词还有:
希腊词παρακαλέω(parakaleō),意思是劝勉、安慰、鼓励。含义非常丰富,字面意思是“呼唤到身边”。当译为“教训”时,侧重于鼓励、劝诫人去做正确的事。

英文常用exhort,encourage,comfort,urge等。
exhort(ing)(本义是侧重严肃规劝的“劝诫”、侧重强烈建议的“敦促”、带有鼓舞意味的“激励”等)
Confirming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God.(Acts 14:22 King James Bible)
“坚固门徒的心,他们恒守所信的道,又说:“我们进入神的国,必须经历许多艰难。”(使徒行传14:22)
νουθετέω(noutheteō),意思是警戒、劝诫。由“心志”和“放置”组成,意为“将心意放在他人心中”,指用言语进行提醒、警告和纠正,使其心智清醒。

还有admonish,warn,instruct
warn(ing)(本义是“警告”“提醒”“告诫”等)
Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus:(Colossians 1:28 KJB)
我們傳揚他,是用諸般的智慧勸誡各人,教導各人,要把各人在基督裡完完全全地引到神面前。(歌罗西书1:28)
the law(本义是“法律、法令”等)
Receive, I pray thee, the law from his mouth, and lay up his words in thine heart.(Job 22:22)
你当领受他口中的教训,将他的言语存在心里。(约伯记 22:22)

总之,和合本里的“教训”是一个高度概括又内涵相当复杂丰富的译名,涵盖了从“知识教导”到“行为训诲”再到“警戒归正”的广阔范围。
英文的不同单词(teach,instruct,admonish,discipline等)是为了精确对应原文中那些侧重点各不相同的词汇。这种多样性并不会产生混乱,而能更忠实地还原圣经原文的丰富内涵和细腻层次。当在不同英文译本中看到不同的词时,这正体现了译者试图抓住原文精髓的努力。要理解某一处“教训”的确切含义,最好的方法是查看它的上下文,并了解它背后对应的原文词汇的含义和具体的语境。
这个词的内涵还有待于进一步深究学习。
2025.8.31-9.4

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原文地址: 《阿杰丨“教训”初探》 发布于2025-9-4

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